Notes on Law/Ethics

1. What are the 5 freedoms of the 1st amendment?
- Freedom of religion
- Freedom of assembly
- Freedom of petition
- Freedom of press
- Freedom of speech


2. What is the Tinker Standard?
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School District, (1969)
Students cannot be censored as long as it does not "materially disrupt class work or involve substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of others." (Black armbands in 1965)*You do not shed your rights once you come to school.

3. What is the Frasier Standard?
Bethal School District vs Fraser, (1986)
Because school officals have an "interest in teacher students the boundries of socially appropriate behavior," they can censor student speech that is vulgar or indecent, even if it does not cause a "material or substanial disruption." (innapropriate speech for class president)

4. What is the Hazelwood Standard?
Hazelwood School District vs. Kuhlmeier, (1988)
Censorship of school-sponsored student expression is permissible when school officals can show that it is "reasonably related to lefitimate pedagogical concerns." (censor stories in student newspaper about teen pregnancy and divorce)


5. What is the Frederick Standard?
Morse vs. Frederick, (June 25, 2007)
January 2002, Olympic torch travels through the town
Principal Morse cancels school
Senior Frederick unveils banner on the sidewalk across street which reads "Bong Hits 4 Jesus"
Suspended for 10 days


6. What is the definition of libel?
New York Times Co. vs Sullivan, (1964)
Libel and slander are legal terms for false statements of fact about a person that are printed, broadcasted, sproken or otherwise communicated to others. For a statement to be defamatory it must be more than insulting or offensive. It must actually harm the reputation of another person (1960 New York Times ran a full page about Martin Luther King and an Alabama tax evasion charge)